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<a name="TOP"></a><font class="header" size="1"><a href="#PUBLIC INTERFACE">PUBLIC INTERFACE </a>~
          <a href="#PUBLIC DATA">PUBLIC DATA </a>~
          <a href="#PUBLIC ROUTINES">PUBLIC ROUTINES </a>~
          <a href="#NAMELIST">NAMELIST </a>~
          <a href="#DIAGNOSTIC FIELDS">DIAGNOSTIC FIELDS </a>~
          <a href="#ERROR MESSAGES">ERROR MESSAGES </a>~
          <a href="#REFERENCES">REFERENCES </a>~ 
          <a href="#NOTES">NOTES</a></font>
<hr>
<h2>Module cloud_rad_mod</h2>
<a name="HEADER"></a>
<!-- BEGIN HEADER -->
<div>
<b>Contact:&nbsp;</b><a href="mailto:Stephen.Klein@noaa.gov">   Steve Klein </a>
<br>
<b>Reviewers:&nbsp;</b>
<br>
<b>Change History:&nbsp;</b><a href="http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/fms-cgi-bin/cvsweb.cgi/FMS/atmos/param/cloud_rad">WebCVS Log</a>
<br>
<br>
</div>
<!-- END HEADER -->
<a name="OVERVIEW"></a>
<hr>
<h4>OVERVIEW</h4>
<!-- BEGIN OVERVIEW -->
<p class="text">   The cloud radiation module uses the stored values of the
   prognostic cloud variables, and computes the cloud albedo and
   absorption for the two shortwave bands (ultra-violet/visible and
   near-infrared), the longwave cloud emissivity, and the 
   fractional areas covered by clouds. </p>
<!-- END OVERVIEW -->
<a name="DESCRIPTION"></a>
<!-- BEGIN DESCRIPTION -->
<div>   The cloud radiation module condenses the cloud information 
   provided by the stratiform cloud scheme and converts it into
   the areas covered by, the water paths and the effective particle 
   sizes of liquid and ice. This cloud information is stored into 
   cloud blocks which are assumed to be randomly overlapped (done 
   in CLOUD_ORGANIZE subroutine). From these, the single-scattering 
   albedo, asymmetry parameter, and optical depth for the two short 
   wave bands and the longwave cloud emissivity for each cloud are 
   calculated in the subroutine CLOUD_OPTICAL_PROPERTIES. Finally, 
   the subroutine CLOUD_RAD takes the shortwave cloud properties 
   and converts them using the Delta-Eddington solution to albedo 
   and absorption in each of the shortwave bands.
   <br>
<br>
   In CLOUD_OPTICAL_PROPERTIES, the parameterization of Slingo (1989)
   and Ebert and Curry (1992) are used for the shortwave properties of 
   liquid and ice clouds, respectively.  For the longwave cloud 
   emissivity, the empirical observation result of Stephens (1978) is
   used for liquid clouds whereas the parameterization of Ebert and
   Curry (1992) is used for ice clouds.
   <br>
<br>
   In CLOUD_ORGANIZE, the effective radius for liquid clouds is 
   calculated using the parameterization of Martin et al. (1994)
   whereas the effective radius of ice clouds is parameterized using
   that of Donner et al. (1997).
   <br>
<br> 
</div>
<br>
<!-- END DESCRIPTION -->
<a name="OTHER MODULES USED"></a>
<hr>
<h4>OTHER MODULES USED</h4>
<!-- BEGIN OTHER MODULES USED -->
<div>
<pre>         fms_mod<br>   constants_mod<br>diag_manager_mod<br>time_manager_mod</pre>
</div>
<!-- END OTHER MODULES USED -->
<!-- BEGIN PUBLIC INTERFACE -->
<a name="PUBLIC INTERFACE"></a>
<hr>
<h4>PUBLIC INTERFACE</h4>
<div>
<dl>
<dt>
<a href="#cloud_rad_init">cloud_rad_init</a>:</dt>
<dd>   Called once to initialize cloud_rad module.   This routine reads the
   namelist, registers any requested diagnostic fields, and (when
   called from strat_cloud_init [standard practice]) returns the
   overlap assumption to strat_cloud for use in determining cloud and
   large-scale precipitation overlap. 
   <br>
<br> 
</dd>
<dt>
<a href="#cloud_rad_end">cloud_rad_end</a>:</dt>
<dd>   A destructor routine for the cloud_rad module.
   <br>
<br> 
</dd>
<dt>
<a href="#lw_emissivity">lw_emissivity</a>:</dt>
<dd>   Subroutine lw_emissivity computes the longwave cloud emissivity 
   using the cloud mass absorption coefficient and the water path.
   <br>
<br> 
</dd>
<dt>
<a href="#cloud_summary3">cloud_summary3</a>:</dt>
<dd>   cloud_summary3 returns the specification properties of the clouds
   present in the strat_cloud_mod.
   <br>
<br> 
</dd>
<dt>
<a href="#max_rnd_overlap">max_rnd_overlap</a>:</dt>
<dd>   max_rnd_overlap returns various cloud specification properties
   obtained with the maximum-random overlap assumption.
   <br>
<br> 
</dd>
<dt>
<a href="#rnd_overlap">rnd_overlap</a>:</dt>
<dd>   rnd_overlap returns various cloud specification properties, 
   obtained with the random-overlap assumption. implicit in this
   assumption is that all clouds are only a single layer thick; i.e.,
   clouds at adjacent levels in the same column are independent of
   one another.
   <br>
<br> 
</dd>
<dt>
<a href="#CLOUD_RAD_k_diag">CLOUD_RAD_k_diag</a>:</dt>
<dd>   This subroutine calculates the following radiative properties
   for each cloud:
   <br>
<br> 
<pre>               1. r_uv : cloud reflectance in uv band
               2. r_nir: cloud reflectance in nir band
               3. ab_uv: cloud absorption in uv band
               4. ab_nir:cloud absorption in nir band</pre> 
</dd>
<dt>
<a href="#cloud_rad_k">cloud_rad_k</a>:</dt>
<dd>   Subroutine cloud_rad_k calculates the cloud reflectances and
   absorptions in the uv and nir wavelength bands. These quantities 
   are computed by dividing the shortwave spectrum into 4 bands and 
   then computing the reflectance and absorption for each band 
   individually and then setting the uv reflectance and absorption 
   equal to that of band 1 and the nir reflectance and absorption 
   equal to the spectrum-weighted results of bands 2,3,and 4.  The 
   limits of bands are defined in subroutine sw_optical_properties.
   <br>
<br> 
</dd>
<dt>
<a href="#sw_optical_properties">sw_optical_properties</a>:</dt>
<dd>   sw_optical_properties computes the needed optical parameters and
   then calls cloud_rad_k in order to compute the cloud radiative
   properties.
   <br>
<br> 
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<br>
<!-- END PUBLIC INTERFACE -->
<a name="PUBLIC DATA"></a>
<hr>
<h4>PUBLIC DATA</h4>
<!-- BEGIN PUBLIC DATA -->
<div>None.<br>
<br>
</div>
<!-- END PUBLIC DATA -->
<a name="PUBLIC ROUTINES"></a>
<hr>
<h4>PUBLIC ROUTINES</h4>
<!-- BEGIN PUBLIC ROUTINES -->
<ol type="a">
<li>
<a name="cloud_rad_init"></a>
<h4>cloud_rad_init</h4>
<pre>
<b>call cloud_rad_init </b>(axes, Time, qmin_in, N_land_in, N_ocean_in, &amp; overlap_out)</pre>
<dl>
<dt>
<b>DESCRIPTION</b>
</dt>
<dd>   Initializes values of qmin, N_land, and  N_ocean using values from
   strat_cloud namelist as well as reads its own namelist variables. In
   addition, it registers diagnostic fields if needed, and returns the 
   value of the cloud overlap to strat_cloud.
   <br>
<br> 
</dd>
<br>
<br>
<dt>
<b>INPUT</b>
</dt>
<dd>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>axes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Axis integers for diagnostics <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[integer, optional]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>Time&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Time type variable for diagnostics <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[time_type, optional]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>qmin_in&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Input value of minimum permissible cloud liquid, ice,
   or fraction <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real, kg condensate/kg air, optional]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>N_land_in&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Input value of number of cloud drop per cubic meter
   over land <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real, #/(m*m*m), optional]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>N_ocean_in&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Input value of number of cloud drop per cubic meter
   over ocean <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real, #/(m*m*m), optional]</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
</dd>
<br>
<dt>
<b>OUTPUT</b>
</dt>
<dd>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>overlap_out&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Integer indicating the overlap assumption being used 
   (1 = maximum-random, 2 = random) <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[integer, optional]</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
</dd>
<br>
</dl>
</li>
<li>
<a name="cloud_rad_end"></a>
<h4>cloud_rad_end</h4>
<pre>
<b>call cloud_rad_end </b>
</pre>
<dl>
<dt>
<b>DESCRIPTION</b>
</dt>
<dd>   A destructor routine for the cloud_rad module.
   <br>
<br> 
</dd>
<br>
<br>
</dl>
</li>
<li>
<a name="lw_emissivity"></a>
<h4>lw_emissivity</h4>
<pre>
<b>call lw_emissivity </b>(is, js, lwp, iwp, reff_liq, reff_ice, &amp; nclds, em_lw)</pre>
<dl>
<dt>
<b>DESCRIPTION</b>
</dt>
<dd> 
</dd>
<br>
<br>
<dt>
<b>INPUT</b>
</dt>
<dd>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>is&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Starting subdomain i index of data 
   in the physics_window being integrated <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[integer]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>js&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Starting subdomain j index of data 
   in the physics_window being integrated <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[integer]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>lwp&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Liquid water path [ kg / m**2 ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>iwp&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Ice water path [ kg / m**2 ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>reff_liq&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Effective cloud drop radius used with
   bulk cloud physics scheme [ microns ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>reff_ice&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Effective ice crystal radius used with
   bulk cloud physics scheme [ microns ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>nclds&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Number of random overlapping clouds in column <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[integer]</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
</dd>
<br>
<dt>
<b>OUTPUT</b>
</dt>
<dd>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>em_lw&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   longwave cloud emmissivity [ dimensionless ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
</dd>
<br>
</dl>
</li>
<li>
<a name="cloud_summary3"></a>
<h4>cloud_summary3</h4>
<pre>
<b>call cloud_summary3 </b>(is, js, land, ql, qi, qa, qn, pfull, phalf, &amp; tkel, nclds, cldamt, lwp, iwp, reff_liq, &amp; reff_ice, ktop, kbot, conc_drop, conc_ice, &amp; size_drop, size_ice)</pre>
<dl>
<dt>
<b>DESCRIPTION</b>
</dt>
<dd>   cloud_summary3 returns the specification properties of the clouds
   present in the strat_cloud_mod.
   <br>
<br> 
</dd>
<br>
<br>
<dt>
<b>INPUT</b>
</dt>
<dd>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>is,js&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Indices for model slab <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[integer]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>land&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Fraction of the grid box covered by land
   [ dimensionless ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>ql&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud liquid condensate [ kg condensate/kg air ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>qi&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud ice condensate [ kg condensate/kg air ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>qa&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud volume fraction [ fraction ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>qn&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud droplet number [ #/kg air ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>pfull&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Pressure at full levels [ Pascals ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>phalf&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Pressure at half levels [ Pascals ]
   NOTE: it is assumed that phalf(j+1) &gt; phalf(j) <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>tkel&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Temperature [ deg. Kelvin ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
</dd>
<br>
<dt>
<b>OUTPUT</b>
</dt>
<dd>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>nclds&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Number of random-overlap clouds in a column <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[integer]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>cldamt&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud amount of condensed cloud <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>lwp&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Liquid water path <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>iwp&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Ice water path <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>reff_liq&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Effective radius of cloud drops <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>reff_ice&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Effective radius of ice crystals <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>ktop&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Integer level for top of cloud, present when 
   max-random overlap assumption made. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[integer, optional]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>kbot&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Integer level for bottom of cloud, present when
   max-random overlap assumption made. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[integer, optional]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>conc_drop&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Liquid cloud droplet mass concentration, present 
   when microphysically-based cloud radiative
   properties are desired. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real, optional]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>conc_ice&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Ice cloud mass concentration, present when
   microphysically-based cloud radiative
   properties are desired <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real, optional]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>size_drop&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Effective diameter of liquid cloud droplets, 
   present when microphysically-based cloud radiative
   properties are desired. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real, optional]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>size_ice&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Effective diameter of ice cloud, present when 
   microphysically-based cloud radiative
   properties are desired. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real, optional]</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
</dd>
<br>
</dl>
</li>
<li>
<a name="max_rnd_overlap"></a>
<h4>max_rnd_overlap</h4>
<pre>
<b>call max_rnd_overlap </b>(ql, qi, qa, pfull, phalf, tkel, N_drop3D, N_drop2D, &amp; k_ratio, nclds, ktop, kbot, cldamt, lwp, &amp; iwp, reff_liq, reff_ice)</pre>
<dl>
<dt>
<b>DESCRIPTION</b>
</dt>
<dd>   max_rnd_overlap returns various cloud specification properties
   obtained with the maximum-random overlap assumption.
   <br>
<br> 
</dd>
<br>
<br>
<dt>
<b>INPUT</b>
</dt>
<dd>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>ql&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud liquid condensate [ kg condensate/kg air ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>qi&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud ice condensate [ kg condensate/kg air ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>qa&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud volume fraction [ fraction ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>pfull&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Pressure at full levels [ Pascals ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>phalf&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Pressure at half levels, index 1 at model top 
   [ Pascals ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>tkel&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Temperature [ deg Kelvin ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>N_drop[23]D&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Number of cloud droplets per cubic meter (2 and 3 dimensional array) <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>k_ratio&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Ratio of effective radius to mean volume radius <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
</dd>
<br>
<dt>
<b>OUTPUT</b>
</dt>
<dd>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>nclds&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Number of (random overlapping) clouds in column <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[integer]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>ktop&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Level of the top of the cloud. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[integer]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>kbot&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Level of the bottom of the cloud. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[integer]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>cldamt&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud amount of condensed cloud [ dimensionless ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>lwp&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud liquid water path [ kg condensate / m **2 ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>iwp&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud ice path [ kg condensate / m **2 ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>reff_liq&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Effective radius for liquid clouds [ microns ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>reff_ice&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Effective particle size for ice clouds [ microns ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
</dd>
<br>
</dl>
</li>
<li>
<a name="rnd_overlap"></a>
<h4>rnd_overlap</h4>
<pre>
<b>call rnd_overlap </b>(ql, qi, qa, pfull, phalf, tkel, N_drop, &amp; k_ratio, nclds, cldamt, lwp, iwp, reff_liq, &amp; reff_ice, conc_drop_org, conc_ice_org, &amp; size_drop_org, size_ice_org)</pre>
<dl>
<dt>
<b>DESCRIPTION</b>
</dt>
<dd>   rnd_overlap returns various cloud specification properties, 
   obtained with the random-overlap assumption. implicit in this
   assumption is that all clouds are only a single layer thick; i.e.,
   clouds at adjacent levels in the same column are independent of
   one another.
   <br>
<br> 
</dd>
<br>
<br>
<dt>
<b>INPUT</b>
</dt>
<dd>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>ql&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud liquid condensate [ kg condensate/kg air ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>qi&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud ice condensate [ kg condensate/kg air ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>qa&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud volume fraction [ fraction ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>pfull&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Pressure at full levels [ Pascals ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>phalf&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Pressure at half levels, index 1 at model top 
   [ Pascals ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>tkel&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Temperature [ deg Kelvin ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>N_drop&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Number of cloud droplets per cubic meter <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>k_ratio&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Ratio of effective radius to mean volume radius <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
</dd>
<br>
<dt>
<b>OUTPUT</b>
</dt>
<dd>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>nclds&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Number of (random overlapping) clouds in column <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[integer]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>cldamt&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud amount of condensed cloud [ dimensionless ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>lwp&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud liquid water path [ kg condensate / m **2 ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>iwp&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud ice path [ kg condensate / m **2 ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>reff_liq&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Effective radius for liquid clouds [ microns ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>reff_ice&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Effective particle size for ice clouds [ microns ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>conc_drop_org&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Liquid cloud droplet mass concentration 
   [ g / m**3 ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real, optional]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>conc_ice_org&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Ice cloud mass concentration [ g / m**3 ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real, optional]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>size_drop_org&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Effective diameter of liquid cloud droplets 
   [ microns ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real, optional]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>size_ice_org&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Effective diameter of ice clouds [ microns ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real, optional]</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
</dd>
<br>
</dl>
</li>
<li>
<a name="CLOUD_RAD_k_diag"></a>
<h4>CLOUD_RAD_k_diag</h4>
<pre>
<b>call CLOUD_RAD_k_diag </b>(tau, direct, w0,gg,coszen,r_uv,r_nir,ab_uv,ab_nir)</pre>
<dl>
<dt>
<b>DESCRIPTION</b>
</dt>
<dd>   This subroutine calculates the following radiative properties
   for each cloud:
   <br>
<br> 
<pre>               1. r_uv : cloud reflectance in uv band
               2. r_nir: cloud reflectance in nir band
               3. ab_uv: cloud absorption in uv band
               4. ab_nir:cloud absorption in nir band</pre>   These quantities are computed by dividing the shortwave
   spectrum into 4 bands and then computing the reflectance
   and absorption for each band individually and then setting
   the uv reflectance and absorption equal to that of band
   1 and the nir reflectance and absorption equal to the
   spectrum weighted results of bands 2,3,and 4.  The limits
   of bands are described in CLOUD_OPTICAL_PROPERTIES.
   <br>
<br> 
</dd>
<br>
<br>
<dt>
<b>INPUT</b>
</dt>
<dd>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>tau&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Optical depth in 4 bands [ dimensionless ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>direct&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Logical variable for each cloud indicating whether
   or not to use the direct beam solution for the
   delta-eddington radiation or the diffuse beam
   radiation solution. <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[logical]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>w0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Single scattering albedo in 4 bands [ dimensionless ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>gg&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Asymmetry parameter in 4 bands  [ dimensionless ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>coszen&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cosine of the zenith angle  [ dimensionless ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
</dd>
<br>
<dt>
<b>INPUT/OUTPUT</b>
</dt>
<dd>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>r_uv&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud reflectance in uv band <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>r_nir&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud reflectance in nir band <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>ab_nir&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud absorption in nir band <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>ab_uv&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud absorption in uv band <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
</dd>
<br>
</dl>
</li>
<li>
<a name="cloud_rad_k"></a>
<h4>cloud_rad_k</h4>
<pre>
<b>call cloud_rad_k </b>(tau, w0, gg, coszen, r_uv, r_nir, &amp; ab_nir, ab_uv_out)</pre>
<dl>
<dt>
<b>DESCRIPTION</b>
</dt>
<dd>   Subroutine cloud_rad_k calculates the cloud reflectances and
   absorptions in the uv and nir wavelength bands. These quantities 
   are computed by dividing the shortwave spectrum into 4 bands and 
   then computing the reflectance and absorption for each band 
   individually and then setting the uv reflectance and absorption 
   equal to that of band 1 and the nir reflectance and absorption 
   equal to the spectrum-weighted results of bands 2,3,and 4.  The 
   limits of bands are defined in subroutine sw_optical_properties.
   <br>
<br> 
</dd>
<br>
<br>
<dt>
<b>INPUT</b>
</dt>
<dd>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>tau&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Optical depth [ dimensionless ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>w0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Single scattering albedo [ dimensionless ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>gg&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Asymmetry parameter for each band
   [ dimensionless ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>coszen&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cosine of zenith angle  [ dimensionless ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
</dd>
<br>
<dt>
<b>INPUT/OUTPUT</b>
</dt>
<dd>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>r_uv&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud reflectance in uv band <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>r_nir&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud reflectance in nir band <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>ab_nir&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud absorption in nir band <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>ab_uv_out&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud absorption in uv band <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real, optional]</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
</dd>
<br>
</dl>
</li>
<li>
<a name="sw_optical_properties"></a>
<h4>sw_optical_properties</h4>
<pre>
<b>call sw_optical_properties </b>(nclds, lwp, iwp, reff_liq, reff_ice, &amp; coszen, r_uv, r_nir, ab_nir)</pre>
<dl>
<dt>
<b>DESCRIPTION</b>
</dt>
<dd>   sw_optical_properties computes the needed optical parameters and
   then calls cloud_rad_k in order to compute the cloud radiative
   properties.
   <br>
<br> 
</dd>
<br>
<br>
<dt>
<b>INPUT</b>
</dt>
<dd>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>nclds&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Number of random overlapping clouds in column <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[integer]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>lwp&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Liquid water path [ kg / m**2 ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>iwp&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Ice water path [ kg / m**2 ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>reff_liq&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Effective cloud drop radius  used with
   bulk cloud physics scheme [ microns ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>reff_ice&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Effective ice crystal radius used with
   bulk cloud physics scheme [ microns ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>coszen&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cosine of zenith angle [ dimensionless ] <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
</dd>
<br>
<dt>
<b>INPUT/OUTPUT</b>
</dt>
<dd>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>r_uv&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud reflectance in uv band <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>r_nir&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud reflectance in nir band <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>ab_nir&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></td><td>   Cloud absorption in nir band <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="type">[real]</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
</dd>
<br>
</dl>
</li>
</ol>
<!-- END PUBLIC ROUTINES -->
<a name="PUBLIC TYPES"></a>
<!-- BEGIN PUBLIC TYPES -->
<!-- END PUBLIC TYPES --><a name="NAMELIST"></a>
<!-- BEGIN NAMELIST -->
<hr>
<h4>NAMELIST</h4>
<div>
<b>&amp;cloud_rad_nml</b>
<br>
<br>
<div>
<dl>
<dt>
<tt>overlap</tt>
</dt>
<dl>   integer variable indicating which overlap 
   assumption to use:
   overlap = 1. means condensate in adjacent levels 
   is treated as part of the same cloud
   i.e. maximum-random overlap
   overlap = 2. means condensate in adjacent levels 
   is treated as different clouds
   i.e. random overlap <br>
<span class="type">[, dimension, units: , default: ]</span>
</dl>
<dt>
<tt>l2strem</tt>
</dt>
<dl>   logical variable indicating which solution for 
   cloud radiative properties is being used.
   l2strem = T  2 stream solution
   l2strem = F  Delta-Eddington solution
   Note that IF l2strem = T then the solution does 
   not depend on solar zenith angle <br>
<span class="type">[, dimension, units: , default: ]</span>
</dl>
<dt>
<tt>taucrit</tt>
</dt>
<dl>   critical optical depth for switching direct beam 
   to diffuse beam for use in Delta-Eddington 
   solution [ dimensionless] <br>
<span class="type">[, dimension, units: , default: ]</span>
</dl>
<dt>
<tt>adjust_top</tt>
</dt>
<dl>   logical variable indicating whether or not to use 
   the code which places the top and bottom of the 
   cloud at the faces which are most in view from
   the top and bottom of the cloud block. this is 
   done to avoid undue influence of very small cloud
   fractions. if true this adjustment of tops is 
   performed; if false this is not performed. <br>
<span class="type">[, dimension, units: , default: ]</span>
</dl>
<dt>
<tt>scale_factor</tt>
</dt>
<dl>   factor which multiplies actual cloud optical 
   depths to account for the plane-parallel homo-
   genous cloud bias  (e.g. Cahalan effect).
   [ dimensionless] <br>
<span class="type">[, dimension, units: , default: ]</span>
</dl>
<dt>
<tt>qamin</tt>
</dt>
<dl>   minimum permissible cloud fraction 
   [ dimensionless] <br>
<span class="type">[, dimension, units: , default: ]</span>
</dl>
<dt>
<tt>do_brenguier</tt>
</dt>
<dl>   should drops at top of stratocumulus clouds be
   scaled? <br>
<span class="type">[, dimension, units: , default: ]</span>
</dl>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<!-- END NAMELIST -->
<a name="DIAGNOSTIC FIELDS"></a>
<!-- BEGIN DIAGNOSTIC FIELDS -->
<hr>
<h4>DIAGNOSTIC FIELDS</h4>
<div>Diagnostic fields may be output to a netcdf file by
              specifying the module name identifier <b></b> and the desired field names (given below) in
               file <b>diag_table</b>. See the documentation for diag_manager.<pre>Diagnostic fields for module name identifier: <b></b>
</pre>
<div>
<table cellpadding="0" border="0">
<tr>
<td>
<pre></pre>
</td><td>
<pre></pre>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- END DIAGNOSTIC FIELDS -->
<a name="DATA SETS"></a>
<!-- BEGIN DATA SETS -->
<hr>
<h4>DATA SETS</h4>
<div>
<dl>
<dt></dt>
<dd> 
</dd>
</dl>
<br>
</div>
<!-- END DATA SETS -->
<a name="PUBLIC CODE"></a>
<!-- BEGIN PUBLIC CODE -->
<!-- END PUBLIC CODE --><a name="ERROR MESSAGES"></a>
<!-- BEGIN ERROR MESSAGES -->
<hr>
<h4>ERROR MESSAGES</h4>
<div>
<dl>
<dt>
<b>FATAL in cloud_rad_init</b>
</dt>
<dd>
<span class="errmsg"></span>
</dd>
<dd>   Fatal crashes occur in initialization of the module if:
   
   1. overlap does not equal 1 or 2
   
   2. taucrit &lt; 0.
   
   3. scale_factor &lt; 0.
   
   4. qamin outside of the range of 0 to 1. </dd>
</dl>
<br>
</div>
<!-- END ERROR MESSAGES -->
<a name="REFERENCES"></a>
<hr>
<h4>REFERENCES</h4>
<!-- BEGIN REFERENCES -->
<div>
<ol>
<li>   The shortwave properties of liquid clouds come from:
   <br>
<br>
   Slingo, A., 1989: A GCM parameterization for the shortwave 
   radiative properties of water clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., vol. 46, 
   pp. 1419-1427.
   <br>
<br> 
</li>
<li>   The shortwave and longwave properties of ice clouds come from:
   <br>
<br>
   Ebert, E. E. and J. A. Curry, 1992: A parameterization of ice cloud
   optical properties for climate models. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 97,
   D1, pp. 3831-3836.
   <br>
<br> 
</li>
<li>   The longwave emissivity parameterization of liquid clouds comes from:
   <br>
<br>
   Stephens, G. L., 1978: Radiation profiles in extended water clouds.
   II: Parameterization schemes. J. Atmos. Sci., vol. 35, 
   pp. 2123-2132.
   <br>
<br> 
</li>
<li>   The parameterization of liquid cloud effective radius comes from:
   <br>
<br>
   Martin, G. M., D. W. Johnson, and A. Spice, 1994: The measurement 
   and parameterization of effective radius of droplets in warm stratocumulus
   clouds. J. Atmos. Sci, vol 51, pp. 1823-1842.
   <br>
<br> 
</li>
<li>   The parameterization of ice cloud effective radius comes from:
   <br>
<br>
   Donner, L. J., C. J. Seman, B. J. Soden, R. S. Hemler, J. C. Warren,
   J. Strom, and K.-N. Liou, 1997: Large-scale ice clouds in the GFDL
   SKYHI general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 102, D18,
   pp. 21,745-21,768.
   <br>
<br> 
</li>
<li>   The algorithm to reproduce the ISCCP satellite view of clouds comes from:
   <br>
<br>
   Klein, S. A., and C. Jakob, 1999: Validation and sensitivities of 
   frontal clouds simulated by the ECMWF model. Monthly Weather Review,
   127(10),  2514-2531.
   <br>
<br> 
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<br>
<!-- END REFERENCES -->
<a name="COMPILER SPECIFICS"></a>
<hr>
<h4>COMPILER SPECIFICS</h4>
<!-- BEGIN COMPILER SPECIFICS -->
<div>
<dl>
<dt></dt>
<dd> 
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<br>
<!-- END COMPILER SPECIFICS -->
<a name="PRECOMPILER OPTIONS"></a>
<hr>
<h4>PRECOMPILER OPTIONS</h4>
<!-- BEGIN PRECOMPILER OPTIONS -->
<div>
<dl>
<dt></dt>
<dd> 
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<br>
<!-- END PRECOMPILER OPTIONS -->
<a name="LOADER OPTIONS"></a>
<hr>
<h4>LOADER OPTIONS</h4>
<!-- BEGIN LOADER -->
<div>
<p> 
</p>
<pre>        
</pre>
</div>
<!-- END LOADER OPTIONS -->
<a name="TEST PROGRAM"></a>
<hr>
<h4>TEST PROGRAM</h4>
<!-- BEGIN TEST PROGRAM -->
<div>
<dl>
<dt></dt>
<dd> 
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<br>
<!-- END TEST PROGRAM -->
<a name="KNOWN BUGS"></a>
<hr>
<h4>KNOWN BUGS</h4>
<!-- BEGIN KNOWN BUGS -->
<div>
<p> 
</p>
</div>
<br>
<!-- END KNOWN BUGS -->
<a name="NOTES"></a>
<hr>
<h4>NOTES</h4>
<!-- BEGIN NOTES -->
<div> 
</div>
<br>
<!-- END NOTES -->
<a name="FUTURE PLANS"></a>
<hr>
<h4>FUTURE PLANS</h4>
<!-- BEGIN FUTURE PLANS -->
<div>
<p>The optical depth and particle size for every model level will
   become a diagnostic output field. </p>
</div>
<br>
<!-- END FUTURE PLANS -->
<hr>
<div align="right">
<font size="-1"><a href="#TOP">top</a></font>
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